In this paper, we put water flow under scrutiny to report radial distributions of water viscosity within hydrophobic and hydrophilic nanotubes as functions of the water-nanotube interactions, surface wettability, and nanotube size using a proposed hybrid continuum-molecular mechanics. Based on the computed viscosity data, phase diagram of the phase transitions of confined water in nanotubes is developed. It is revealed that water exhibits different multiphase structures, and the formation of one of these structures depends on many parameters. A drag of water flow at the first water layer is revealed, which is conjugate to sharp increase in the viscosity and formation of an ice phase under severe confinement (Radius ≤ 3.5 nm) and strong water-nanotube interaction conditions. A vapor/vapor-liquid phase is observed at hydrophobic and hydrophilic interfaces. A state of confinement is revealed at which water exhibits different multiphase structures under the same flow rate. The derived viscosity functions are used to accurately determine factors of flow enhancement/inhibition of confined water.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-42101-4/figures/

The attached notes are written for a course on plasticity. When I update the posts, I will write a note on my twitter account: https://twitter.com/zhigangsuo.

The attached notes are written for a course on plasticity. I will update new posts on my twitter account: https://twitter.com/zhigangsuo.

A metal undergoes plastic flow as atoms change neighbors. A liquid undergoes viscous flow as molecules change neighbors. But the plastic flow of the metal differs from the viscous flow of the liquid in an important way. When a metal undergoes plastic flow, the stress depends on the amount of deformation, but is insensitive to the rate of deformation. By contrast, when a liquid undergoes viscous flow, the stress is insensitive to the amount of deformation, but depends on the rate of deformation. In studying plasticity, it is useful to recall the law of viscosity.

The Corinth Rift in Greece is one of the most active extensional regions in the Mediterranean area (Fig. 1). The Corinth Rift Laboratory project (CRL, http://crlab.eu) is based on the cooperation of various european institutions that merge their efforts to study fault mechanics and related hazards in this natural laboratory where numerous continuous observations are made. The present rift is asymmetric and deformation is very localized. Numerous GPS campaigns since 1991 indicate a stable opening rate of about 1.5 cm/yr over a width of 10- 12 km in the western part of the rift (Fig. 2). Continuous GPS stations installed 10 years ago start to reveal reliable vertical displacement (Fig.3). The seismic activity is localized in the upper 12 Km of the crust. Although the 3D geometry of active faults might be quite complex (Fig. 4), we present here a simple 2D mechanical model including one normal fault embedded in an elasto-visco-plastic medium, aimed at exploring crustal rheology and fault parameters able to explain both horizontal extension rates and vertical deformation.

I would like to know the factors that effect the thin film fluid material spreading under Ac votage? is there any equation which relates to viscosity, dielectric constant, bonding etc

This blog focuses on viscoelasticity (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoelasticity)

They filled a pool with a mix of cornstarch and water made on a concrete mixer truck. It becomes a non-newtonian fluid. When stress is applied to the liquid it exhibits properties of a solid. Video was recorded at Barcelona, Spain.

A non-Newtonian fluid is a fluid in which the viscosity changes with the applied strain rate. As a result, non-Newtonian fluids may not have a well-defined viscosity. Although the concept of viscosity is commonly used to characterize a material, it can be inadequate to describe the mechanical behavior of a substance, particularly non-Newtonian fluids. They are best studied through several other rheological properties which relate the relations between the stress and strain tensors under many different flow conditions, such as oscillatory shear, or extensional flow which are measured using different devices or rheometers. The rheological properties are better studied using tensor-valued constitutive equations, which are common in the field of continuum mechanics (From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 2007)